The Main Causes And Prevention Strategies Of Homelessness

Abstract: The main causes and prevention strategies of homelessness are briefly explained in this paper. The main cause of homelessness for the past 20-25 years is Poverty and Foreclosure, they are discussed in detail in this paper. Some strategies to stop homelessness are also discussed clearly. In this paper, we explicitly have discussed about the various measures to eradicate the homelessness and poverty. Introduction: Poverty: There are many people around the world who lack basic amenities like food, shelter and clothing. These amenities are not available for many people in this world. The depravity of these amenities is making many people go homeless. The lacking amenities have brought many people below the lowest economic standards. To get a good grip on the poverty, we define a poverty line which differentiates the people above the basic economic and below the economic line. Poverty has led to many devastating effects among which homelessness and eroding work opportunities are the primary concerns of the property. Homelessness and neediness are inseparably interfaced. The destitute are regularly not able to pay for lodging, nourishment, childcare, health awareness, and training. Troublesome decisions must be made when restricted assets cover just some of these necessities. Regularly it is lodging, which ingests a high extent of pay that must be dropped. On the off chance that you are poor, you are basic ally an ailment, a mischance, or a paycheck far fromShow MoreRelatedThe Main Causes And Prevention Strategies Of Homelessness1193 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract The main causes and prevention strategies of homelessness are briefly explained in this paper. The main cause of homelessness for the past 20-25 years is Poverty and Foreclosure, they are discussed in detail in this paper. Some strategies to stop homelessness are also discussed clearly. In this paper, we explicitly have discussed about the various measures to eradicate the homelessness and poverty. Introduction Homelessness is described as the state where people are deprivedRead MoreOffice Of Columbi A Policy Analysis Team Essay1600 Words   |  7 PagesBowser is confident that resolving homelessness in the nation’s capital within the next four years is an achievable end. Stakeholders DC’s Mayor Muriel Bowser is very committed to â€Å"ending long-term homelessness in the District of Columbia†. The mayor and her team believe that the administration’s plan for homelessness is ambitious but achievable. The plan aims at cultivating partnerships with non-profit providers, advocates, persons experiencing homelessness, business partners, and the philanthropicRead MoreMayor Schells Zero Homeless Family Pledge1240 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction: 2 Policy Choices: 2 Pre Implementation and Design Strategies 4 Steps Taken to Reengineer the Program 4 Importance of Conducting Assessments Prior to Implementation 5 References: 6 Abstract: The paper discusses Mayors Schells zero homeless family pledge. Mayor Schell was determined to eliminate the homelessness in Seattle when he became the mayor in 1998, to achieve his mission he and his team came up with some strategies and restructuring which are discussed in the paper. Read MoreThe Emotional, Social, And Academic Effects Of Homelessness On Children1291 Words   |  6 Pageseffects of homelessness on children Hardly a day in life goes by without seeing a homeless child trying to survive, especially in developing countries. Unwanted sightings of homeless children happen every day both in developed and underdeveloped countries. The increase in divorce and trend in cohabitation has led to an increasing number of children being homeless. As stated in the â€Å" Homeless Facts Children and Homelessness - Some Facts conducted by the Committee on Temporary Shelter, homelessness is ofRead MoreHomelessness And The United Kingdom1747 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness has been a globalised concern for centuries. In United Kingdom homelessness predominantly describes in the lines homeless legislation such the Housing Act (2004) and Homeless persons Act (2002) Burrows, Pleace and Quilgars, (2004). This in predominantly surrounding who is perceived as homeless based certain criteria whereby the individual cannot be intentional homeless. However, priority is given to women who have children and women who are vulnerable, in cases such as domestic violenceRead MoreThe Policy And Actions That Can Be Taken For End The Homelessness Issue1521 Words   |  7 Pages The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the policy and actions that can be taken to end the homelessness issue. Homeless is a serious multi-faceted issue that requires the involvement of many agencies, policymakers, governments and faith-organizations. Having no home is a miserable experience, causing health problems, exacerbating existing health problems, and complicating treatment.   It is so difficult to find a safe place to stay, obtain enough food, keep clean, and stay outRead MoreSubstance Abuse Within The Community3198 Words   |  13 Pagesfocused on within the community. Three Causes Of The Drug Problem Within The Community: Particularly, within the homeless population, substance abuse can be cited as either a cause or as a result (Substance Abuse and Homelessness, 2009). On one hand, it has been proven that addictive disorders disrupt relationships with family and friends and often cause people to lose their jobs, leading them to the path of becoming homeless (Substance Abuse and Homelessness, 2009). However, on the other handRead MoreA Society Without Drugs1263 Words   |  6 Pages(CBS news). The second-most abused category of drugs after marijuana among young people is the usage of prescription drugs (CBS news). Prescription drug abuse is the Nation s fastest-growing drug problem, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has classified prescription drug abuse as an epidemic. Misuse of prescription drugs is seen mostly among teens, and they believe these substances are safer than illicit drugs because they are prescribed by a healthcare professional and dispensedRead MoreChronic Homelessnes s : Homeless And Homeless1778 Words   |  8 Pages Natalie Arola Ms. Madson College Prep Composition Chronic Homelessness In 2010, approximately 107,289 were chronically homeless. The national decrease in chronic homelessness was only about 10.6% from 2008 to 2009. Most people may not realize the difference between being homeless and being chronically homeless. However, these two are very similar but also very different. According to the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), â€Å"chronically homeless individuals areRead MoreThe Issue At Hand Is Not The Dropout Age946 Words   |  4 PagesMain Cause After analyzing the bill, considering other factors that lead to dropout and the results of dropping out, we came to the conclusion that the issue at hand is not the dropout age. The ultimate cause for this issue is actually the way that the education system is setup. Primarily, schools are ran on the assumption that everyone around the same age is on the same level, can learn in the same ways and at the same rate. Also, each level of education is in preparation for the next level of education

Eating Disorders Social And Cultural Factors - 1820 Words

Eating Disorders: Social and Cultural Factors Donna Vega West Coast University October 24, 2014 Abstract In today’s society, eating disorders has become one of the main factors leading to the increased mortality rates in the United States. The two major eating disorders include Anorexia and Bulimia. Young adults especially, are in greater risk of having an eating disorder. With eating disorders being the third leading cause of death in young adolescent girls, it has also acquired 15 percent of young males (Relevant, 2013). Social and cultural factors have been known to contribute to the onset of eating disorders, including media, family, and peer issue. Although such factors may lead to eating disorders, it may also reduce the cause. In this research paper, the effects of social and cultural factors will be compared to its effects on eating disorders. Keywords: young adults, adolescents, eating disorders Eating Disorders: Social and Cultural Factors Eating disorders has become a major health problem in the United States. They have been characterized as abnormal eating habits, involving insufficient or excessive consumption of food. Some of the common eating disorders include Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. In anorexia nervosa, a person tends to find starving themselves as a way of dieting. In bulimia nervosa, an individual may tend to eating excessive amount of food and later discards its contents by purging. Among the United States population,Show MoreRelated The Cause of Eating Disorders Essay591 Words   |  3 PagesThe Cause of Eating Disorders Although the causes are many and varied, we know that people with eating disorders often use food and the control of food in an attempt to compensate for feelings and emotions that may otherwise seem overwhelming. For some, dieting, bingeing and purging may begin as a way to cope with painful emotions and a way to feel in control of ones life, but ultimately, these behaviors will damage a persons physical and emotional health, self-esteem and sense of competenceRead MoreAnorexia Nervosa And Its Causes1418 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: Eating Disorder Bulimia Nervosa and Its Causes Glemerlin Garcia Mercy College  Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by weight loss behaviors driven by self-evaluations that are dependent on body weight and shape concerns (Dryer, Tyson, Kiernan, 2013). There is a false myth that this disorder is a life choice but it is a serious illness that could cause damage to a person’s eating habits. This disorder became noticeable a few years ago with allRead MoreA Brief Note On Anorexia And Bulimia Nervosa1561 Words   |  7 PagesIn today s western society, an abundance of factors contribute to the way one thinks and feels about themselves physically, and essentially how one would act upon this. All over the world, messages and images of skinny women are engrossing people s lives, leaving negative and long-lasting affects behind. Current beliefs of western culture suggest one must obtain a perfect, which has become analogous to thin, physique in order to achieve happiness and success, causing many young women to feelRead MoreHow Eating Disorde rs Affect Health772 Words   |  3 PagesEating Disorders are conditions in which involves irregular eating habits, either insufficient or excessive food, that affects inimical the body’s image and mental health (Wikipedia). It affects men and women of all ages, but it has a greater impact among adolescences and young adults. In the United States, 24 million Americans are battling eating disorders, in which 1 million are males and 23 million are females. An individual who portraits this condition may have an irrational self-image thoughtRead More Eating Disorders, Body Image and Cultural Contexts Essay1306 Words   |  6 PagesEating Disorders, Body Image and Cultural Contexts Although a great deal of early research on body image and eating disorders focused on upper/middle class Caucasians living in America or under the influence of Western ideals, many researchers are realizing that eating disorders are not isolated to this particular group. They are also realizing the differences in body image between occur in different races and genders (Pate, Pumariega, Hester 1992). Recently, several studies have shown that eatingRead MoreEating Disorders Affecting American Women1082 Words   |  5 Pages Eating disorders effecting American women have been on the rise in recent year. The alarming trend of increasing cases of these psychological disorders has sparked intellectual inquiry into their shared features. The rising amount of societal pressures that many women around the country feel have caused a lot of women to turn to food as a coping mechanism. Whether it is control exhorted over food or eating as a means to feel numb, women look to food to make thems elves feel a certain way. FoodRead MoreEating Disorders And Their Effects On Victims Of Them1281 Words   |  6 Pagesthoughts someone suffering an eating disorder hear every second of a day. In this essay, I will explain eating disorders and their effects on victims of them. Eating disorders are major health risks, and can be life-threatening. Eating disorders are defined as abnormal eating habits and extreme worry about one’s body image. They are mental illnesses that exist in both males and females, but are most commonly seen in females between the ages of 12-25. Eating disorders are not only about losing weightRead MoreGeneral Education Requirement For Psch 2701410 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific psychological disorder (not a category, e.g., panic disorder is okay but not â€Å"anxiety† disorder) that fits each definition and briefly state in what way(s) the disorder fits that definition well. Choose a different disorder for each definition. (6 pts) a. Social deviance: When there is a behavior seems contrary to the dominant norms of a certain society, this can be regarded as a socially deviant behavior. Clinical psychologists must consider cultural and social components of a behaviorRead MoreThe Eating Disorder And Anorexia Nervosa1555 Words   |  7 PagesThe eating disorder anorexia nervosa is one of complex nature that is caused and sustained by many interconnected factors of life. Characterized by strict dieting, an unrealistic perception of body image, excessive exercise, depression, and OCD, this disorder has the ability to boycott the lives of many individuals (Pinel, 2014). In order to understand the effects that this disorder has, it is essential to look at the socio-cultural, psychological, and physiological factors this disorder can entailRead MoreSocial Media And Its Impact On Society1224 Words   |  5 Pages Social media is a variety of platforms provided to the public as a medium for expression and communication. Seemingly, social media could be viewed as a positive contribution to society, but one must consider the underlying effects of society. Many of us don’t take into account the role that social media plays in the way we perceive things, think, and live our lives. Social media plays a critical part in societal norms. â€Å"Social norms are rules of conduct that governs interactions among individuals

Organizational Behavior - Attitude And Job Satisfaction Of Employees

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Behavior ,Attitude And Job Satisfaction Of Employees. Answer: Introduction: A happy employee generally signifies the fact that he is happy with the work he is performing. This in turn helps in improving the quality of their work. Attitude and job satisfaction are terms that might not always be linked with the organization but also the recruits. If employees would be enjoying their employment, they would not be requiring external inspiration from the organizational management, but as an alternative the contentment they accomplish from completion of their work would be motivating them. Over the period of time, organizations have been focusing on the ways and strategies for developing the performance. As per Jain and Kaur (2014), this takes in a thorough study and evaluation of both the material and human resources, there is requirement to focus on the fundamental patterns of employees at the workplace. This would be enabling the organization to organize its human sources in the most effective of manners. Motivation is considered to be a key component in the organizational behavior as employees requires being motivated for exhibiting a behavior that would help in accomplishing the goals and objectives of the companies, thereby developing performance over time (Prabhakar and Yaseen 2016). Analysis: The attitude of an employee towards the management might influence his or her relationship with management. Any negative attitude towards the clout would source clashes at the workplace. According to Shooshtarian, Ameli and Aminilari (2013), psychology has been another reason that influences the attitude of an individual. Another prime reason for negative attitude towards the organizational authority is jealous for their situation. This attitude influences productivity within the job in the negative way. If the attitude of the worker is stated to be negative, the chance of generating positive results is much lesser. There is existence of various issues that shapes the attitude of workers and job contentment either in the optimistic or unconstructive way. These issues takes into account the employee, management, statement, culture and the atmosphere for doing work. Management Role: The approach of the management in leading plays a vital role in approach of the workers and the job construction. Empowerment has been stated as one of the factors that have the ability in motivating for better productivity. If the management is willing to offer an employee the prospect to work as per their own standards, favored that these standards determine those of the organization, job productivity is bound to increase (Trevio, den Nieuwenboer and Kish-Gephart 2014). Strategic planning by the management is very important. This is vital when tackling with influencing the productivity in job. An example of a method to motivate the employees is the offering from the management of opportunities of negotiations for promotions and pay rise. This would be encouraging job productivity as the employees would want to obtain these awards. The objectives of the organization also influences the ways the management relays with the employees. If the purpose of the organization is to attain a definite percentage of profit within a business time, then it would be exerting much anxiety on the employees for increasing the efficiency. Positive influence is not the only way through which an increased productivity would be ensured. Some of the organizations have been offering a contract that clearly defines the amount of efficiency generally desirable from the employees. This in the case of a sales and marketing executive is the need for them in accomplishing the targets within a certain deadline. This might mount pressure on the employees of the organization, which in turn would be affecting their job fulfillment. In certain cases, the organization is not stated to be much strict with the human resources. The main issue with this fact is that the employees might unwind on the job and important deadlines might be missed. An orga nization might also be deciding on adding certain working days based on the goals. Conforming to such decision is hard and it might be leaving the employees in a bitter state and indignant towards the management (Suliman and Al Harethi 2013). This attitude would be affecting the productivity of the job, as the employees would be arriving at work with les or no motivation at all. Employee Role: According to Diestel, Wegge and Schmidt (2014), some individuals select professions based on their liking whereas others end up with something due to several pressures. Pressure sometimes comes from the requirement to make money. An individual choosing something that they have interest in, brings the bet out of them as they love in what they do. Love for their profession would then generate positivity in their attitude. In organizations it is being stated that a happy employee is always a productive employee. Productivity takes a beating when the employee only works for money. The main aim of such employees is to amplify their productivity for getting more money; however this tends to make them stressful and pungent (Al Mehrzi and Singh 2016). Since they have zero interest in the work they perform, satisfaction is hard to attain. Employees require several ways in releasing their stress for developing and improving in their work outlook and production. The work related anxiety is a common factor among most of the employees. This is majorly by the employees that do not practice any sort of job pleasure from the work. Strain is something that has the ability in leading individuals to solemn illness. This would be lowering the productivity factor from the absence of the employees in the workplace. Stress is generally comforted through taking of the breaks from work, mingling with the friends. The psychological progress is another aspect that has the capability in affecting the attitude. Psychology has been the determining feature of human behavior, affecting the ways individuals react and relate with others. Every individual reacts in different ways to diverse situations (Schlett and Ziegler 2014). An example is when the management is viciously honest about the work of an employee, some might interpret as a cavea t to do better with others taking it as a criticism and giving up. This mainly depends on the ways an individual makes certain decisions. External features like the family, the financial position are some of the things that affect the attitude of the employees. A strong employee is always a prolific employee and a pleased one. Employee Motivation at Work: Motivating employees have been at times stated to be a multifaceted responsibility requiring diplomacy and skills due to the personage nature. Even within the same culture, individuals are stated to be motivated by various factors based on their diversified backgrounds and value systems. It varies from country to country on what drives the workforce to work, like in Lithuania, money plays a key role in driving people to work, whereas, in Philippines it is the job security that plays the motivating factor. Social needs might be irrelevant in Nigeria, though the same might be an important reason for the performance in Japan. Two of the corporate facilitators have commenced a Dubai-based company of leadership development for boosting motivation and workplace engagement. In a recent survey conducted, it has been found that 56 per cent of the workforce form UAE is motivated (Scandura 2015). The UAE workforce is greatly motivated by the factors like benefits, salaries and other benefits with 62 per cent accounting for the same. Certain other factors like displaying skills and expressing creativity also scored high as the essential elements for the UAE workforce. As per Maslows hierarchy of needs, employees needs can vary as per the individuals. According to the theory of Maslow, the individuals needs are approved in the hierarchical order with the most primary or basic needs at the bottom of the hierarchy (Wagner III and Hollenbeck 2014). Maslow also hypothesized the fact that a need of lower level must be pleased before the need of the next level becomes the factor of motivation. In other words, it can be stated that a person who is homeless and hungry would never be motivated by the sense of job security, however would be taking up any job, despite of how secured the job actually is. It is only after producing enough to nourish and accommodate him/her that the job security worry takes shape of a important concern (Cherian and Jacob 2013). This states that in Lithuania, a child who is not aware of the fact from where the next meal is coming from will be determined to work harder, even when he knows that the job is of temporary nature. On ot her hand, most of the western cultures boasted by the social structure guarantees the daily meal of an individual; the positions permanency would motivate people enough. Maslows theory implies the fact that within the same organization and among the same employee group, individuals would be behaving in different manner as per their professed needs (Perrew et al. 2014). It gives birth to the question of what causes an individual to be more committed towards an organization that he/she is actually prepared to stay longer with the company, whereas another individual might discontinue doing the same after a period of few years. It takes in another question on why some of the companies are better in retaining their people than the others. The main determinants of the attitude of employees along with the behavior are the values that are parallel with the values of the organization (Miner 2015). It has been argued over the years that both the instrumental and the terminal values have been playing vital roles in the decisions that are being made by individuals, influencing their behavior towards the project. According to DuBrin (2013), values can be defined as the fundamental conviction where a precise conduct mode is either socially or personally preferable to a contrary conduct mode. They generally symbolize the judgment of what the individuals or the companies consider being significant. They are the primary basis of the ways actions and decisions are being evaluated. The supremacy of the deeply held values is that they conclude the ways individuals act without much thinking on the ways they generally react to different situations. It can be squabbled that positive outcomes in jobs are realized when the personal values of an entity are analogous to the values of the association. Values are significant in considering the motivation of employees because they have been offering an understanding of the attitudes, individuals motivation and behavior along with culture, affecting the perception of individuals around the globe. In the two-factor theory, Herzberg theorized the fact that several motivation factors can be clustered under two broader categories. The primary ones, Herzberg referred as the Hygiene factors and the elevated ones, the Motivators. As per Loi, Chan and Lam (2014), like Maslows hierarchy of needs hypothesis, Herzberg explained the fact that although the hygiene factors do not stimulate the employees from their own, they need to attend before the motivators can be effectual. Some of the instances of hygiene factors are the conditions for working, supervision method, work safety and money. Motivators examples would be giving recognition along with praise, giving responsibilities to the employees, achievement and promotion. The theory of Herzberg implies the fact that the factors that are being included in the context of job are implausible in motivating the employees working under work environment of unsatisfactory nature (Robbins and Judge 2013). It seems much sensible where the manager starts from the identification of the universal factors that is required to be present for other motivators in working effectively. This fact helps in deciding which approach would be best in any of the given situation. Influence of Job Satisfaction on Organizational Behavior: Job satisfaction in UAE has the ability in affecting an individuals commitment level to the organization, the rate of job turnover and absenteeism. It can also involve the level of performance, willingness of employees in participating in the problem-solving activities outside their job portrayal outline. It can be stated when people in UAE are satisfied with the work they have been performing, and then they would be enjoying their work in more pleasant of manners. The individuals who are mostly satisfied with their jobs usually do not find much difficulty in getting up and going to their daily work. The relationship between the behavior and attitude has a well-built impact on the affiliation between the organizational commitment and job approval. The association between the behavior and attitude has been taken up for study in vast manner, determining the fact that the two exists on a scale (Pinder 2014). There is existence of moderators like the intent of changing ones attitude that in turn would be changing ones activities. Attitude takes into account behavioral achievement, in terms of the connection between the contentment in jobs and organizational pledge, there are presence of numerous factors that can have an impact on the relationship. The first factor might be the levels of comparison. For instance, an individual might be working in an organization; feeling fairly committed towards the organization on whole, but might not be satisfied with the amount being paid to him/her. Thereby, the balance between the behavior, that is organizational commitment and that individuals attitude (job satisfaction) would not be in line with one another. The second factor would be the alternative options for the individuals. This asks the question whether a particular organization is best for the individual, or whether there is something better for him/her. In the present scenario, the attitude of the individual towards the job might be contentment, however the individual might not be feeling dedicated towards the organization. If any individual is not devoted towards the company through his performance, the individual might start participating in counterproductive work behaviors due to the requirement of obligation. Another factor w ould be the investment that one has positioned in his or her job. An individual might feel that they have endowed so many years of theirs into functioning for a particular association, but happiness is something that has gone missing from the work that they do on regular basis at the organization. According to Baranski et al. (2017), in this scenario, the individual might weigh his decision of leaving the organization and the probable consequences of his leaving the job, like focusing on factors such as seniority, missing retirement funds and promotions, or staying at the organization where he/she is not satisfied. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the employee value and attitudes have been the key impacts on the job satisfaction of individuals. They also take into account the happiness of employees at workplace that influences their productivity. Attitude and job satisfaction is important from the perspectives of both the employees and the organization. Motivation is one of the factors that gets overlooked by the managers at certain times though it is crucial in recognizing the strong impact that situational contexts have on motivated performance. As per Googles Vice President of people development, the aspiration of being No. 1 globally should be less, more emphasis should be on the present and future employees who should be happy working here at Google, because that is what would make Google a successful company. The three factors that have been discussed in the influence of job satisfaction on organizational behavior section needs to be line with the other. If there is any sort of inconsistency, cognitive dissension is expected to crop up. For example, the individual who is loyal to the organization but not at all pleased with his or her job might feel that the only technique to lift up the experience of cognitive conflict would be in leaving the company References: Al Mehrzi, N. and Singh, S.K., 2016. Competing through employee engagement: a proposed framework.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,65(6), pp.831-843. Baranski, E.N., Gardiner, G., Guillaume, E., Aveyard, M., Bastian, B., Bronin, I., Ivanova, C., Cheng, J.T., Kock, F.S.D., Denissen, J.J. and Gallardo-Pujol, D., 2017. Comparisons of Daily Behavior Across 21 Countries.Social Psychological and Personality Science,8(3), pp.252-266. Barrick, M.R., Thurgood, G.R., Smith, T.A. and Courtright, S.H., 2015. Collective organizational engagement: Linking motivational antecedents, strategic implementation, and firm performance.Academy of Management Journal,58(1), pp.111-135. Cherian, J. and Jacob, J., 2013. Impact of self efficacy on motivation and performance of employees.International Journal of Business and Management,8(14), p.80. Diestel, S., Wegge, J. and Schmidt, K.H., 2014. The impact of social context on the relationship between individual job satisfaction and absenteeism: The roles of different foci of job satisfaction and work-unit absenteeism.Academy of Management Journal,57(2), pp.353-382. DuBrin, A.J., 2013.Fundamentals of organizational behavior: An applied perspective. Elsevier. Ibrahim, M. and Al Falasi, S., 2014. Employee loyalty and engagement in UAE public sector.Employee Relations,36(5), pp.562-582. Jain, R. and Kaur, S., 2014. Impact of work environment on job satisfaction.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,4(1), pp.1-8. Loi, R., Chan, K.W. and Lam, L.W., 2014. Leadermember exchange, organizational identification, and job satisfaction: A social identity perspective.Journal of Occupational and Organizational psychology,87(1), pp.42-61. Luthans, F., Luthans, B.C. and Luthans, K.W., 2015.Organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach. IAP. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Perrew, P.L., Hochwarter, W.A., Ferris, G.R., McAllister, C.P. and Harris, J.N., 2014. Developing a passion for work passion: Future directions on an emerging construct.Journal of Organizational Behavior,35(1), pp.145-150. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Prabhakar, G.V. and Yaseen, A., 2016. Decision-making styles and leadership: evidences from the UAE.International Journal of Management Development,1(4), pp.287-306. Robbins, S.P. and Judge, T., 2013. Organizational behavior. Scandura, T.A., 2015.Essentials of organizational behavior: An evidence-based approach. SAGE Publications. Schlett, C. and Ziegler, R., 2014. Job emotions and job cognitions as determinants of job satisfaction: The moderating role of individual differences in need for affect.Journal of Vocational Behavior,84(1), pp.74-89. Shooshtarian, Z., Ameli, F. and Aminilari, M., 2013. The effect of labor's emotional intelligence on their job satisfaction, job performance and commitment.Iranian Journal of Management Studies,6(1), p.29. Suliman, A. and Al Harethi, B., 2013. Perceived work climate and employee performance in public security organizations in the UAE.Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy,7(3), pp.410-424. Trevio, L.K., den Nieuwenboer, N.A. and Kish-Gephart, J.J., 2014. (Un) ethical behavior in organizations.Annual Review of Psychology,65, pp.635-660. Wagner III, J.A. and Hollenbeck, J.R., 2014.Organizational behavior: Securing competitive advantage. Routledge.

Wilhelm Wundt Essay Example

Wilhelm Wundt Essay Wilhelm Maximiliam Wundt stands as a historical figure in the development and propagation of experimental psychology. He is known as the founding father of the first laboratory for psychology. He was born in Neckarau, German in 1832 and died in 1920. He was born to Titchener who was a minister in Lutheran. When he was aged six, his family vacated to Heidensheim at Baden. Wundt grew as a young precocious boy under the pupilage of Friedrich Muller who was an assistant to his father. He studied at Heidelberg and Gymnasiem before joining University of Tubingen while at the age of 19. However, he took a transfer to University of Heidelberg after one year and took medicine as his major. He declined medicine and joined physiology under the tutelage of the founding father of experimental psychology Johannes Muller. He took his doctorate degree at the age of 24 in Heidelberg and shared great moments in studying physiology with Hermann von Helmholtz in the same study physiology laboratory.In 1 871, Helmholtz left Heidelberg as a professor in physiology which gave Wundt the chance of replacing him. He however transferred to University of Zurich and became the chairman of inductive philosophy. In 1875, he was appointed in chairing the department of Leipzig’s philosophy. (http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/wundtprofile.htm)He widely participated in politics while at Heidelberg. Ceremoniously, he was appointed in Baden parliament. As an icon in various disciplines such as psychology, philosophy, physiology and other disciplines, he wages an enormous attribute towards developing psychology. His work dominated various spheres of learning such as books, lecture halls and arenas.   His writings are estimated to totaling to 53000 pages which included articles in areas such as vision, hypnotism, human and animal psychology, poisons, spiritualism, politics, medicine and other areas of contagious human knowledge. Great foundations marked Wundt’s philosophical propagation. Generally, the position of the early 19th Century psychological standpoint was hallmarked by Kantian argument that scientific psychology was ideally impossible (Cronax-Hillix, Terry, 1990). The dogmatic inadequacy posited by Kant on psychology gave Wundt a base with which he would extra ordinarily explore the subject matter of psychology.The epic towards founding experimental psychology by Wundt was a struggle in disregarding the contemplations posited by other scholars and early philosophers like Max ,Weber, Emmanuel Kant and others. His foundations on the subject matter of experimental science in psychology started when he â€Å"triangulated† the various options about the same area of knowledge as formerly developed by others. Firstly, the starting point of his psychological development was by rejecting Fechner’s mysticism but at the same time maintaining the state of his approach in experimental psychology. In the same point, he maintained the pure state of physical interpretation on physiological experiments as propagated by Helmholtz. This was through his argument that any human experimentation revealed regularities of reality about the inner human psychology (Brent, Richard, 1997). The foundations of his exploration in the world of pragmatic knowledge were based on establishing a system of philosophico-scientific knowledge, politics and practice. He had a length admiration in developing his career through output of coherent ideas and philosophical attributes that addressed different spheres of human concern. However, despite a wide dimension of scope in the areas of human knowledge, great attribute goes to his contribution in psychology.The philosophical rational for studying Wundt is based on two conceptions. At one level, his arguments that age more than 100 years about legitimizing the non-reductionist account on human consciousness have been challenging as well as a resource scope of study to the philosophy of the mind and contemporary psychology. Nevertheless, in providing a tolerable ground in understanding the relationship between the traditional and the modern philosophy. Though there exists a wide domain of influence by him on different topics such as phenomenology, pragmatism and the neo-Kantianism, Wundt can perhaps be credited of developing the empirical methodologies together with his students that gave philosophy the chance of separate existence to the discipline of philosophy (Tracy, Michael, 2005)Across his historical biography, he is described as participating greatly towards different spheres of life. This includes his span in career development, politics, philosophy, administration and others preferential aspects. His career development also encompassed great acquisition of pragmatic and valid knowledge by been a student and later a lecture for philosophy and psychology at the university. In such for this true domain of knowledge, he continuously interacted with various do mains of human societal structures which gave him the capacity of writing many articles on different spheres of human life. Additionally, his wide participation in politics and change for the human society remains implicit in internalizing the contributions of Wundt in spheres of psychology.(http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/wundtprofile.htm)The realm towards his synthesis of psychology came towards the end of the 18th Century. This was fostered by the influence in the change of psychology as a discipline in philosophy. Psychology as formerly defined was changing the heart of its meaning such as the â€Å"mental substance†. â€Å"soul†, â€Å"the mind† and other aspects. However, the start of 19th Century saw a further change in psychology by regarding it to imply the state of â€Å"inner experience† or even human consciousness but which was different from the accounts of natural science of the sensible and external reality. The con troversial aspect of psychology led to an expanded framework of debate and the synthesis of a wide domain in explanations of what encompassed Psychology. However, Wundt brought all this controversy to a state of more rational description. Wundt’s invitation to studying psychology was fundamentally influenced by the arguments of people such Max Weber, Kant, Ben-David and others substantial icons. In study of his historical biography however, it fetches great philosophical authenticity in analysis his dimensions of concern in the subject matter of psychology. Down his history, Wundt expounded various study dimensions in defense of his theoretical development of psychology(Cronax-Hillix, Terry, 1990).Object and method of Experimental psychology.i) ObjectExperimental psychology was the starting point of Wilhelm’s search for adequate knowledge on psychology. To him he believed that the state of describing consciousness was the basis of experimental psychology. In order to d evelop a more concise understanding in psychology, Wundit identified â€Å"experimental† with â€Å"physiological† psychology. According to him therefore, experimental psychology entailed the study of the human consciousness which was through the aid of experimental protocols founded on natural sciences. The definition of psychology as developed by Wundt compounded of two aspects. Firstly, the state of consciousness was susceptible to experimentation. However, this argument was literally rejected by Kant. Secondly, psychology had it sole object consciousness which was the mental object despite conceived as been experimental (Tracy, Michael, 2005)The basic definition of consciousness by Wundt was the state of â€Å"inner experience†. To him, consciousness was the real and immediate phenomena that constituted the inner experience. There promulgated nothing beyond its proximities that established psychology whether psychophysical or physiological. In developing his psychological understanding, he did not separate psychology and soul. To him therefore, psychology develops to that which has a soul. This was his representation as been a radical empiricist. Accordingly, he described psychology as determined in whole or exclusive by what it predicates. Either, such predicates have their sole derivation from internal observations that are direct to what is been studied. Individual psychology also provided psychological inquiry. Consequently, every individual psychology was to become scientific when the inner phenomena went through experimental manipulation. Instead of accepting blindly what Kant had posited about injunctions to any possible scores of scientific psychology, he formulated that a person’s inner experiences had certain susceptibilities towards mathematical representation and experimentation (Cronax-Hillix, Terry, 1990).ii) MethodIn his drive towards rationale in psychology, he addressed the objections that had been argued by oth er philosophers in credit of psychophysical and physiological experimentation. His argument was based on the inquiry of how the complex phenomena that entailed the mind-body problem could be argued in physiological standpoint that resulted to psychological interpretation. According to him on the physiological state of argument, any experimentation that had response and stimulus were not adequately experiments about sensation (Donald, 1996). However, these were externally observed reactions and excitations of muscular tissues and nervous system. His innovations were modeled as an attempt of projecting the experimental rigor found in physiology in a wider domain founded by the inner experience trough a supplementation process of such experiments with procedures that were purely psychological. These procedures compounded his conventional method of Selbstbeobachtung which meant introspection or even a better state of self-observation. The development of Kant’s psychological model was based on the argument that that distinguished the inner and the external states of self experiences (Cronax-Hillix, Terry, 1990).   To him, since the inner experience fully distinguished itself from what came externally, every level of psychological development started with self observation which meant that the physiological experiment came as ancillary function. However, in support of self observation, Wundt debated on what was perceived by the other proponents of psychology as arguing that such self observation mainly compounded a paradoxical identity between the observed object and observing the subject. However, his argument towards the liberation of the ambiguity was that, the people were only altered by the phenomena that existed in the direction of attention between the coinciding states of the observed object and the observing subject (Brent, Richard, 1997).Individual psychology by WundtSensationLike the other early empiricists, he laid his concern in both perception and sensation in modeling human psychology. To him, sensation provided the closest connection between the physical world and the body. He argued that the apparatus of somatic sensory and sensations were highly important in developing human psychology. This was because sensations were mainly the points of contacts between the physical world and the psychological factors.   Sensations were therefore responsible for two-sided state of inquiry (Donald, 1996). First, it compounded the external state of environment in a stimulus. Secondly, it compounded the internal framework of psychological imagery that was defined by the provisions of the mental representation. Therefore, the Wundt psychological model encompassed the control over the external state of psychological experiment with which it generated a diverse framework of internal representations that appeared only to an introspective observer. Accordingly, the level of representations which constituted the innate contents of this co nsciousness had their source in sensations. Either, every pure sensation had three fundamental characteristics which are the â€Å"feeling-tone†, intensity and quality (Tracy, Michael, 2005). However, the intensity and quality of sensations was important in understanding the concept of psychological experimentation. Every sensation possessed an inner experience which was measured in the level of its intensity when a comparison was made between such different sensations. Additionally, sensory stimuli of the outer environment were measurable only by using physical methods. Psychology was then used in determining the extend of degree with which the immediate estimations in the strengths of the sensory stimuli corresponded or deviated from the real strength of this stimuli (Cronax-Hillix, Terry, 1990). The psychophysical measurement gave out to two complimentary tasks. Firstly, it determined the limitation in the values with which the state of stimulus changes was accompanied by the corresponding changes in the level of sensation. Elsewhere, it investigated the level of any lawful reactions that came between the change in the sensation and the change in the stimuli. Consequently, sensation could adequately be measured respectively to the change in the intensity that corresponded to change in stimuli strength. (http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/wundtprofile.htm)ConsciousnessThe general psychological dispensation provides consciousness as component of the subjects: feeling, representation and willing. To Wundt, willingness and representations posited great concern in his psychological propagation. According to him, representational acts and representations were distinct though different aspects within a one flowing process. This was the formula towards the theory of actuality. To him, representations came as representational acts but not objects that showed constant properties as the proponents in the theory of substantiality (Donald, 1 996).The theoretical background of his development in psychology was rooted on the argument that the origin of consciousness was in sensations. However, such consciousness is not purely in atoms of individual sensations but rather occurring in a compounded autonomy. Wundt argued that sensations were connected to these representations through spatial ordering or temporal sequencing. Nevertheless, these representations were formed through sensations got through psychological synthesis. The form of representational synthesis was therefore the main characteristic feature in formulation of consciousness   (Cronax-Hillix, Terry, 1990).Experimental psychology in a theoretical frameworkWundt’s concern in experimental psychology was rooted in what constituted physiological psychology. To him, such physiological psychology depended on self observation rather than learning and sensation that were held in physiological inquiry. This state of self-observation was important in the analys is of the inner phenomena that defined consciousness (Brent, Richard, 1997)ConclusionThe historical standpoint of Wundt came as a refuge of great concern towards the ideals of psychology. He stands as a icon of diverse historical barometer towards developing a rationale in the aspects of experimental psychology. He founded himself as a structurilist with great search towards understanding human mind through a deepened evaluation of the constituting parts of the human consciousness. This was in his understanding that just like any chemical compound, the human state of mind was composed of various elements that were broken into different constituent parts. His imagination of psychology was as a form of science which gave the support that consciousness composed of various identifiable parts. Though governed by physiological and scientific approach towards studying psychology, he constantly employed the subject methodology of introspection though disregarded currently as providing no em pirical data (Donald, 1996)Wundt stands to be one of the concrete fathers that gave a light in psychology. His several works in physiological psychology have continued to be hallmark texts in studying psychology. Down his history as a re-known scholar, he extensively wrote texts on various subjects including psychology. Physiology, physics and philosophy. This writings are known to have been done across in his 65 years exploration in his career that was governed by a wide framework of thoughts. Wundt was devoted in understanding different areas of knowledgeReferenceBiography of Wilhelm Wundt. Retrieved on 9th July 2008 from http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/wundtprofile.htmBrent, D Richard, N (1997) Towards a Theoretical Psychology: Should a Subdiscipline Be Formally Recognized? American Psychologist, Vol.52Cronax-Hillix, W, Terry, A Timothy, W (1990) What would You Tell Professor Wundt. Teaching of Psychology, Vol.17Donald, K (1996) Lightener Witner and the First 100 Years of Clinical Psychology. American Psychologist, Vol.51Tracy, B Michael, T (2005) The Lost Millennium: Psychology during the Middle Ages. The Psychological Record, Vol.55