Dimensions of Diversity - 1127 Words

Introduction Each and every individual has his own unique characteristics that set him or her apart from other people. In that case, diversity as a term is used to denote any dimension utilized to bring out or identify the various differences between people and groups. It is important to note that today, with the world increasingly becoming a truly global village, it has become necessary for individuals to appreciate and embrace differences in others. In this text, I define diversity and highlight its dimensions (both hidden and visible). Further, I come up with a brief analysis of my tendency to judge individuals on the basis of their superficial, external or visible characteristics. Diversity: A Brief Overview Diversity according to Daft and Lane (2007) is essentially the existing differences among people in terms of age, ethnicity, gender, race, or other dimensions. It can be noted that the proper management of diversity must be preceded by a clear understanding of diversity and its nature. As I have already noted in the introductory paragraph, the world is increasingly becoming a global village and with this, the level of interaction between individuals from different backgrounds continues to be enhanced even further. Below, I highlight the various dimensions of diversity that help us outline the differences among people. The Various Dimensions of Diversity In general terms, diversity is made up of a myriad of traits. It is these traits that I refer to asShow MoreRelatedReport- Dimensions of Diversity1578 Words   |  7 Pages Dimension of Diversity Race and/or gender are not the definition of diversity. Diversity is all of us and how we are so different. To better understand diversity it can be broken down into four different dimensions and classifications. These points will help you begin to pick apart the complex topic of diversity. Dimensions 1. Dimension may be hidden/ visible a. Race, gender and possible age or wealth index may be a visible dimension that / would classify people into one group. b. IntelligentRead MoreDefining Diversity: the Evolution of Diversity1435 Words   |  6 PagesDEFINING DIVERSITY: THE EVOLUTION OF DIVERSITY by Camille Kapoor 1. INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS DIVERSITY? The concept of diversity encompasses acceptance and respect. It means understanding that each individual is unique, and recognizing our individual differences. These can be along the dimensions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, physical ability, religious beliefs, political beliefs, or other ideologies. It is the exploration of these differencesRead MoreDiversity And Inclusion Of Diversity1152 Words   |  5 PagesDiversity means understanding that individuals are unique or different in a particular way, leaning to accept and live with people with this differences. Interacting with people from different, religious beliefs, races, ethnicity, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, age, gender, physical abilities, political beliefs, or other ideologies, sexual orientation. Inclusion mean a state of being a part or identifying with a particular societal group. Diversity and inclusion on campus are very importantRead MoreThe Defi nition of Diversity1592 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity Paper The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines diversity as the condition of having or [of] being composed of differing elements [ å›   especially the inclusion of different types of people (as people of different races or cultures) in a group or organization [...] (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2012). Diversity is, often, omnipresent in the United States, especially in metropolitan areas. Yet there are pockets in this country, and especially in the world, where diversity is a concept thatRead MoreMy Place for Diversity1699 Words   |  7 PagesMy Place for Diversity XXXXXX XXXXXX Comm/315 November 20, 2012 XXXX XXXXX My Place for Diversity An understanding of both the hidden dimensions of diversity and the visible can upsurges understanding and tolerance of the differences in every one of us. Diversity gives uniqueness to each of us and makes us interesting, however if you base your judgment on the visual and not the hidden dimension as well, then you are being judgmental to that person. The visual characteristics only encompassRead MoreDiversity and Inclusion Paper1085 Words   |  5 PagesThinking About Diversity and Inclusion Paper SOC/315 December 15, 2010 Professor Dr. Lorthridge Introduction This paper will discuss and focus on the four dimensions of diversity: ethnicity, gender, differences in skills, abilities and personality traits and how they have an impact in my workplace. To be able to go further in this paper one should understand the definition of diversity. Diversity is a variety between people associated to factors such as culture, employment status, educationRead MoreDiversity On The Walgreens Company1683 Words   |  7 PagesDiversity on the Walgreens Company Website The Walgreens Drug Store Company has about 8100 stores in all America, which makes the store very accessible to the public. The Walgreens stores are located deeper in the communities and touch many lives. The company employs about 251,000 workers with more than 70,000 healthcare providers (Walgreens Diversity Inclusion Report, 2014). Diversity in this company is very important due to the widespread in the community and the higher number of workers. EveryoneRead MoreDiversity and Inclusion1102 Words   |  5 PagesDiversity is a notion, when applied to the majority of circumstances, can create a positive conclusion. The trick to producing a positive outcome is often how the different aspects are brought together. Consider a classic dinner combination peas and carrots, the two colors look appealing and the two flavors comes together as one making a superb side dish. Now consider oil and water, these two substance are not often considered a good combination. Although, this is not alwa ys the case; olive oil andRead MoreThe Foundations of Human Development Essays799 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual is an essential theme in human services. Understanding the bio-psycho-social dimensions of human development, having cultural competency, and comprehending the general systems theory and how it works are all important parts of being an effective human service professional. Section I.) The Interactions between the Bio-Psycho-Social Dimensions of Human Development Human development consists of three dimensions: biological, psychological, and social development. These three aspects of humanRead MoreEssay about Eth 125 Diversity Worksheet611 Words   |  3 PagesAssociate Program Material Diversity Worksheet Answer each question in 50 to 150 words. Provide citations for all the sources you use. 1. What is diversity? Why is diversity valued? Diversity is basically the condition of being different and many times people think diverity is just about race and culture, but there wrong. Diversity includes different dimensions Loden and Rosener (1991) Describe two major dimensions which are primary and secondary. Primary dimensions generally states things

How Social Media As A Networking Strategy Essay - 1341 Words

10 Ways to Use Social Media as a Networking Strategy are you looking to started with your social media networking strategy? Did you know what to endorse in it? Objectives and goals guide your social media networking strategy to assist you successfully connect with your audience. Social media’s value for brand-building, sales, and customer engagement is regularly discussed and consider. But one area that’s commonly overlooked is its inconceivable social networking ROI, especially for brooder who may eschew big, noisy skillful gatherings. As an author, business school professor, and consultant, here are few ways I’ve personally used social media networking to enhance my social media networking and build lasting professional connections. 1. Conduct Interviews Marketing blogs, web video programs, and podcasts– can be a effective way to break through the edge of supplicants trying to crunch the consideration of industry leaders. In the place of nearing them to beg to get a walk or perhaps an opportunity to â€Å"pick their mind,† you proceed to the leading page of the point whenever you provide them-and reveal it online. 2. Influence Your Content Influencing someone is really great; it’s even excellent if you can find various ways to extract value from that comment. There are three different blog posts based on best how to make your social media conversation more influencing. Read more – Why We Quit Focusing on Quick Social Media ROI: A New Approach of Screening Conversions. That’sShow MoreRelatedAs The World Is Growing, The Social Media Network Is Growing1721 Words   |  7 Pagesworld is growing, the social media network is growing vastly and rapidly as well. We have various social media sites present in the world among which some of the widely used are Facebook, Instagram, YouTube and Twitter. Similarly, if we investigate, there would more other social media sites that the people have been using in their daily life. Social networking sites which are part of social media are playing a very vital role for the companies and their growth. Social networking sites are helping theRead MoreIdentifying Social Networking Strategy And Technology That Can Boost Up Their Occupancy Rate, Repeat Purchase And Customer Loyalty1724 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: The purpose of this research is not to evaluate how many hoteliers vigorously using social media strategy, comparatively is to examine the area and objective of the issue why some hoteliers don’t understand and grasp the importance of social networking as a new tool of communication with its consumers or guests. Recommending solution to this issue that can help different hotelier to implement social networking strategy and technology that can boost up their occupancy rate, repeat-purchaseRead MoreCreating a Social Media Strategy Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pagesdecade, internet usage has been significantly influenced by the use of social media and it radically transformed the use of internet. Understanding the impact of social media on personal, social and also institutional level can utilize it efficiently. Social media is a platform which enables interactive communication among individuals, communities and organizations. The authors of Users of the World, Unite! define social media as a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideologicalRead MoreIdentification Of Contemporary Issues Of Hotel Industry963 Words   |  4 Pagesdifficult to understand the importance and implementation of Social media strategy for their Business. †¢ Management area issue: Social Networking Marketing and Technology †¢ Introduction: The purpose of this research is not to evaluate how many hoteliers vigorously using social media strategy, comparatively is to examine the area and objective of the issue why some hoteliers don’t understand and grasp the importance of social networking as a new tool of communication with its consumers or guests.Read MoreThe Impact Of Social Media On Marketing Purposes1535 Words   |  7 PagesThrough out the year, we have seen the development of social media evolving. Social networking sites such as Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, Instagram etc. are not to post personal photos from your vacation or parties with friend anymore but also a tool for your business. A vital tool that is, social media has became a powerful marketing tool if it is used correctly, it can guide the customers from their social media site to their actual business site where information is provided much more in detailRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Social Media1292 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: Soc ial media networking has completely transformed the way businesses market and recruits potential employees. Marketing and recruiting was simply done through printing ads in newspapers. Now social media networking is done through â€Å"posting† open discussions on the business website or social media sites. Social media has allowed business to also promote their brand, hire, communicate, and connect with many people and organizations. This paper will help you to understand how businesses incorporateRead MoreHow Social Media Marketing Activities Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pages7 Ways to Track Your Social Media Marketing Activities When is your targeted audience the most active? Which social media networks drive more traffics towards your site? Which social media turned how many numbers of site visitors into leads? These are a few questions you need to have the right answers to, so that you invest your precious time and efforts in the right social media network with the right social media marketing approach. You need social media analytical tools that give visitors metricsRead MoreSocial Networking for Jeans Specialty Shoppe: Benefits and Drawbacks829 Words   |  3 PagesSocial Networking for Jeans Specialty Shoppe: The evolution of online communication methods and development of social networks has transformed the operations and communications of many businesses. As the various social networking sites have continued to attract millions of users, social networking provides numerous benefits to businesses. Griffith (2011) states that users of social media are totally at ease to develop communities with common interests that help them to stay up-to-date throughRead MoreThe Power of Social Media and Its Impact on the Current Business Environment1529 Words   |  7 PagesThe Power of Social Media and its Impact on the Current Business Environment The number of internet users has increased over the last decade due to the development of new technologies, internet availability and improved connectivity. Various online communications platforms have been invented and are widely used for both personal and business purposes world wide and social networking is the latest communication platform helping people connect to each other across different places. Its introductionRead MoreContributing Effect Of Media On A Business Tool919 Words   |  4 PagesContributing effect of Media (Main Idea) It has been said that media relations assume a crucial part in the accomplishment of advertising and social cooperation. The sheer proliferation of social network use means that in terms of quantity, it is becoming more prevalent than e-mails, and businesses are increasingly using social networks as a business tool, often as a distinct part of marketing and public relations strategies (Ornstein, 2012). Thus the reason this strategy ends up being imperative

The Concept of Political Representation Essay - 2655 Words

In â€Å"Political Representation,† Shapiro et al. (2009) say that â€Å"political representation lies at the core of modern politics.† Representation is usually linked to the concept of democracy (Shapiro et al. 2009). The concept of representation is explicitly mentioned in the U.S. Constitution (U.S. Const. art. I,  § 1, 2). However, the meaning and appropriate form of â€Å"representation† have been debated by political theorists and philosophers for centuries. The definition of representation one chooses to use is influenced by the form of representation one finds most appropriate. Given the different forms of representation, legislators can be responsive in different ways. Representation also operates at two different levels – the national and local†¦show more content†¦2009). According to this view, the representative represents the interests of the state, not the individual, and a discrepancy between the constituency’s preferences and the representative’s actions is not problematic, because the representative does not directly represent the views of the individuals who elected him (Shapiro et al. 2009). In Two Treatises of Government, John Locke (1823) argued that natural rights such as life, liberty and property could not be taken or given away by individuals. These â€Å"inalienable† rights limited the power of the king, who acted only to enforce the natural rights of the people. If these rights were violated, the people had the right to revolt and create a new government. Although Locke supported the idea of a representative government, he wanted representatives to be men of property (Locke 1823). Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1988) also wrote about representation in The Social Contract. Rousseau felt that individuals should enter into a social contract in which they gave up their rights to the entire community, rather than to a king. Rousseau viewed aShow MoreRelatedPolitical Participation Among Backward Castes Of Panchayat Raj Institutions : A Study On Ananthapuramu District Of Andhra Pradesh1638 Words   |  7 Pages Political participation among Backward Castes in Panchayat Raj Institutions: A study on Ananthapuramu District of Andhra Pradesh Social Stratification is a ubiquitous social structure in human societies, be it simple or complex. Stratification is fairly permanent ranking of positions in a society in terms of unequal power, prestige or privileges. It refers to the patterned or structured social inequalities among the whole categories of people not just among individualsRead MoreWomen and Political Representation in Canada: Equality, Fairness, and Capabilities866 Words   |  4 PagesWomen and Political Representation in Canada: Equality, Fairness, and Capabilities I. Introduction Social equality is the concept in which all individuals possess the same fundamental basic liberties, opportunities, moral value/respect, and social benefits. The concept of ‘equality’ has a multiplicity of meanings and definitions, and with the rise of liberalization and democratization around the world ‘social equality’ has become the most predominant. As economic openness creates greater wealthRead MoreDemocracy Is The Worst Form Of Government Essay834 Words   |  4 Pagesas no surprise that when emerging nations are writing their constitutions, they model them after the American Constitution. Political scientists cite a number of different reasons for the success of the US Constitution; the Bill of Rights, separation of powers, and a bicameral legislature with representation based on population and equality all the top their lists. One concept often overlooked, however, is federalism. Defined, federalism is a type of government that divides powers be tween two equalRead MorePolitical Culture And Its Impact On Society Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical culture is connotative of a stream of collective consciousness relating to ingrained theoretical expectations of government and the governing. Political culture is a shared aspect of society that shapes how we react and interact within the system , it s reflective of our collective morals, ideals, and beliefs. There are three core American values that shape domestic political culture: Democracy, Freedom, and Equality. As we know our political system is that of a representative democracyRead MoreMedia Representation of the Rwandan Genocide1202 Words   |  5 PagesThis article considers how the representation of events in the news can serve to shape public opinion or discourage statesmanship. Through the example of the Rwanda Genocide my argument is that representation is constitutive of the ways in which we understand the world and of the hierarchy that currently exists within mainstream media. As (Michael J. Shapiro, 1989) discussed ‘The reason for looking at representational practices in relation to texts, language and modes of interpretation is becauseRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography : Representation For Maori1248 Words   |  5 PagesAnnotated Bibliography: Representation for Maori in Parliament Source Citation Douglas, G. (2010) Social and Cultural Meanings of Tolerance: Immigration, Incorporation and Identity in Aotearoa, New Zealand. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp. 125-148. This article examines the attitudes that New Zealanders have developed in response to immigration patterns and policy. Exploring how social hierarchy and ethnicity shape immigration tolerance through economic inequality concernsRead MoreRoles And Bias Towards Women Nigeri Problems And Prospects African Journal Of Political Science And International Relations896 Words   |  4 PagesI got a lot of information as in some article that talks about the problem with roles and bias towards women Nigeria: Problems and prospects African Journal of Political Science and International Relations Nigerian women and their society. These women play a key role in the Nigerian society and help develop their society. This society allows women to stand up for the view and support women’s rights because they have women in government to represent them. This article also comperes the men and womenRead MoreEssay On Cultural Imperialism1526 Words   |  7 Pagesprevious imperial states still retain financial, political and social predominance over these earstwhile settlements. This is accomplished in the form of cultural imperialism. Due to the huge development of the popular consumerist culture and the dissemination of Western goods all over the globe, the accusations of cultural imperialism became much stronger and rampant in the Third World countries. †¢ ORIENTALISM AND THE POLITICS OF REPRESENTATION The postcolonial critic, Edward Said felt the constantRead MoreEssay987 Words   |  4 PagesCarey et. al’s Report from the Field: Two Surveys of Political Scientists.: Alarming results Carey et al’s â€Å"Report,† alarmed me for two reasons: the lack of importance attached to women’s representation by the American Political Science Association’s members and the lack of country knowledge or experience of the electoral reform consultants. The first, I will rationalize out as realistic, even if I disagree at a fundamental level; and the second, I will criticize as a problem that should be addressedRead MoreRepresentation Of A Representative Democracy1410 Words   |  6 Pagesactivity of representation is taking place (the political context). The theories of political representation usually start by specifying and explaining the terms for each of these four components. For example, democratic theorists often limit the types of representatives being discussed to formal representatives only — that is, only to those representatives who hold elected or public offices. One reason for the concept of representation being elusive is that theories of representation often apply

Analysis Of The Stakeholder Management Process Essay

ANALYSIS: The analysis of the stakeholder management process forms a very integral role in bringing up the expertise and under playing the strategies of carefully managing the stakeholders accordingly to their power and legitimacy. The different templates are used in bringing up the analysis of the process so as to technically prove the inference that these external bodies brought onto the project. The following are the different templates that establishes the role of the stakeholders more prominently and are very necessary and basic for the analysis phase of the project. POWER INTEREST MATRIX: 2 5 1 3 8 9 6 7 4 10 POWER Thus the power interest matrix shows the different entities and places them according to their effectiveness on the project and at what extent they can influence the project are given numeric value approximately to depict the same. CONFLICTS OF KEYShow MoreRelatedHow Business Process Management ( Bpm )1339 Words   |  6 Pagesthe concept of Business Process Reengineering (BPR) quickly caught the imaginations of corporate leaders. (Kettinger et al., 2007). The recruitment process in the Public Service - Office of the Prime Minister is indeed a long process and the question is, how Business Process Management (BPM) principles and technologies can be used to shorten the recruitment process within the Office of the Prime Minister? According to (Harmon, 2003) â€Å"Definitions of Business Process Management (BPM) range from IT-focusedRead MoreStakeholder Identification And Prioritization Using A Case Study Of Stakeholder Management782 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this paper is to examine stakeholder identification and prioritization using a case study of stakeholder management of business changes resulting from a federal mandated in Medicaid payment at Blue Cross Blue Shield Nebraska (BCBSNE). BCBSNE is a not-for-profit health insurance company that is focused on collaboration to find the best solution for their customers. Since the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), strategic management has played a key role in BCBSNE due to changesRead MoreThe Risk Management Process Is Made Up Of 6 Central Steps And 2 Myosin Steps Essay974 Words   |  4 Pagesi. The Risk Management Process is made up of 6 central steps and 2 capillary steps. These are: ïÆ'ËœStep 1: Establish the context. ïÆ'ËœStep 2: Risk Identification. ïÆ'ËœStep 3: Risk Analysis. ïÆ'ËœStep 4: Risk Evaluation. ïÆ'ËœStep 5: Risk Treatment. ïÆ'ËœStep 6: Contingency Planning. ïÆ'ËœCapillary Step 7: Communication Consultation. ïÆ'ËœCapillary Step 8: Monitoring and Review. Step 1: Establish the context. This is the stage where the risk management plan is established with intentions on explaining how it is going to manageRead MoreStrategic Management At Blue Cross Blue Shield Nebraska ( Bcbsne )1282 Words   |  6 Pages(and why) managers might go about using stakeholder identification and analysis techniques to help their organizations meet their missions and create public value. Within the practice of strategic management in different public and nonprofit organizations, however, a range of stakeholder identification and analysis techniques are used. The purpose of this paper is to examine stakeholder identification and prioritization using a case study of stakeholder management of business changes resulting from aRead MoreBusiness For Social Responsibility ( Bsr )1278 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study 1: Stakeholder Mapping Introduction Business for Social Responsibility (BSR) is an international nonprofit organization that aims to â€Å"work with business to create a just and sustainable world† (BSR, 2014). To achieve this mission, BSR promotes collaboration and strategic planning in order to catalyze behavioral change (BSR, 2014). With a mission to drive social and environmental innovation, stakeholder analysis is a core competency at BSR. This organization has developed a five-step modelRead MoreMeasuring Performance, Cost, And Scheduling837 Words   |  4 PagesAnalyzing a project’s earned value is necessary when reporting to stakeholders. The data must be comprehensive in nature to ensure stakeholders appreciate the assessment of the project in its current status. Measuring performance is critical throughout the duration of the project because project managers and stakeholders can make acute decisions relating to scope creep, crashing a project, or quality in performance or product. Earn value an alysis link the project’s baseline plan to the current status andRead MoreProject Management, Project Communication, And Project Stakeholder Management797 Words   |  4 Pagesproject management that stood out while taking this program. Project integrated management, project communication, and project stakeholder management. A discussion on how they are executed will be presented. As more courses were taken during this project management graduate program, many of the project management concepts became clear and revealed more of the interdependencies and intricate dynamics that are required for successful project management. Stakeholder Management Project Stakeholder ManagementRead MoreCommon Characteristics Of Mega Construction Projects Essay1325 Words   |  6 Pagesinclude multiple stakeholders: Organizations, Clients, Governments sometimes, Consultants and the Recipients. Therefore, variable conflicts might occur between these stakeholders as a result of variations in interests, requirements, perspectives, expectations or methods of communication. Many studies have addressed this partials with the aim to improve and develop the briefing process, where lots of conceptual frameworks were initiated to manage and control multiple stakeholders but it still a majorRead MoreManaging Stakeholder Expectations : Gavin Davies1667 Words   |  7 Pages Managing Stakeholder Expectations Gavin Davies of Tremendous Training states â€Å"Start any project with your stakeholders in mind†. The project manager has two primary goals. A project is successful when it achieves all stated objectives, as well as meets the expectations of the stakeholders. Managing various stakeholder expectations is important. The success of a project can rely on how the project manager communicates with and handles the expectations of stakeholders. In a software developmentRead MoreEvaluation Of Internal And External Factors On Project Management Process1728 Words   |  7 PagesIntegrated Project Management Assignment 2B: Impact Analysis Report. Nathalia Vasques Mari – Student ID: 00159199T Contents Evaluation of Internal and External Factors and their impact on Project Management Process 3 Internal Risks 3 External Risks 3 Enterprise Environmental Factors 3 Organizational Process Assets 4 The Difference between Organizational Process Assets and Enterprise Environmental Factors 5 Communication on project management process and outcomes to diverse stakeholders 5 References

Analyzing Team Names and Mascots by S. L. Prices...

The author S. L. Price of the article â€Å"the Indian Wars† analyzes the confusing subject of Native American names and mascots used in sports teams in high school, college, and professional levels. The article is written for Sports Illustrated and offers readers an insight into this debate whether indigenous symbols in sports are honoring or insulting in Native Americans. The author addresses this topic with evidence of both sides of the issue, and leaves the reader aware of the topic and its unclear stance in today’s society. This article examines the controversy of using Native American names and mascots by sports teams, even though the author provides two sides to the issue, the different evidence blinds the argument he is trying to make.†¦show more content†¦Another, a director pf the Hopi Cultural Preservation Office, Leigh J. Kuwanwisiwma claimed that he takes a neutral stance on the issue. He reasoned, â€Å"’ I don’t see anything wrong with Indian nicknames as long as they’re not meant to be derogatory’† (Price 63). Majority when asked about this issue mentioned similar statements. Can we avoid the historical context of words? Michael Yellow Bird, an associate professor of social work at Arizona State mentioned just that. He challenged, â€Å"’If people think this is how to honor us, then colonization has really taken hold’† (Price 64). He as well as others brought up the history of Native Americans and their partial extermination, being forgotten, cheated of their own land. Bird like others questions how these mascots and names honor the Natives. And how can Natives themselves be indifferent about this subject. S. L. Price offers a wide range of evidence from people that are on both ends of the spectrum about this issue. Even though Price offers a wide range of people’s voices, a weakness he brought to his article is the data. The author offers data as he states â€Å"a recent SI poll,† he does not define the word â€Å"recent† and leaves the data not as accurate and not as valid. Also he incorporates multiple data points and percentage throughout the article which gives it an inconsistent flow. Also the author does not provide a bibliography to the data. The data does present high

Working with Mobile Devices in Governance-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a report on Working with Mobile Devices in Governance. Answer: Introduction Nowadays each and everyone own at least one cell phone or can be more. In fact, most recent figure reveals that two-thirds of the population owns a mobile phone. It can be either feature phones (screen is limited to text and very low-end graphics) or smartphone (like small computers). However, the market trend is more towards the smartphone. In addition to that, the market for smartphones is dynamic compared with featured phones. For instance, half of the world's populations are the users of smartphones (Fernando, Loke Rahayu, 2013). Cloud computing has a very significant influence on mobile technology as it makes these devices more powerful and cheaper. With cloud computing, the users can access the applications and services located remotely. Recent market trend unveils that apple iPhone, Google android phones are showing trajectory upward. The countrys productivity can be improved by effective governance. Effective Governance also increases its competitiveness. In a country like India, service of good governance is quite a challenging task (Sundar Garg, 2005). The basic services that are provided by the government services via mobile phones help the government to deliver public services. The cell phones are coupled with innovative potential in applications of mobile that have reached to its height. These help the mobile governance as a cornerstone in different schemes of state government. Increasing the wireless penetration and services of better awareness helps in increasing the upgrade of mobile governance services in the future. The government focuses on the improvement of mobile governance (Jo et al., 2015). The services that the mobile government provides are providing information that are basic which includes alerts of natural disaster to polling via mobile phones. Key words:Mobile technology, cloud computing, mobile governance Literature Review E-governance and M-governance E-Governance: The application of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) is the E-Governance which includes delivering services of government, communication transactions, information exchange services that are held between G2C (Government to Customer) and G2B (Government to Business) and also different system of sand stone integration. There are four basic models that are available- government to employees, government to government, government to customers and government to business. M-Governance:(Mohamad, Building, Ismail, 2010)M-Governance is meant to provide access to those who are unable to access (means those prefer mobile phone or living in remote areas) the services offered by the government through the internet. By owning one cell phone and having access to one mobile network, then they can use the public services at anyplace at any time. M-governance is an innovative technology that brings government services to citizens by reducing the gap arising between them. Limitatins of M-Governance (Mohamad et al., 2010) explained about the limitations of m-governance. They are 1) Small sized phone: In rural areas, most of the people are relying on the small phone since they cannot afford the smartphone. 2) Government needs to take more care to ensure scalability and high availability of information. For this, the technology is to be more elaborated. 3) Some information is critical and needed to be safeguarded. Then will arise security and authentication problem. 4) Cost:To implement m-governance, a further channel is required in e-government. This channel will create additional costs. A substitute delivery channel can solve this to a certain extent.(Sreenivas, Manjunath, Abate, Weseni, 2016) 5) Some people use this technology for fun rather than productive activities. For example, hoax messaging. (Sreenivas et al., 2016) 6) Literacy problems: The reduced literacy rate creates some challenges in use of m-governance. (Sreenivas et al., 2016)M-Governance is an innovative technology. However, some part of the population is unable to access these technologies. For instance, poor people, illiterate peoples come under this category. Moreover, they are also denied from getting the benefits that offered by the government in other words m-digital divide. Today (2012) In this article also they agree that sometimes illiterate people face some sort of problems to access these services. This is because those people are unfamiliar with these devices and technology. The solution to this issue is that integrated speech assistance tools and by ensuring m-governance in regional languages. More and more people would use this service when proper awareness about services is given. Advancement in mobile technology will increase the usage among the masses. Tools The smart phone manufacturers group their devices to into different operating systems (Almunawar, 2015). The operating systems that are mostly used are RIM (Research in Motion), operating system with blackberry, windows operating system in mobile, symbian platform and all variation of UNIX that includes Android, Google and Apple iOS. (Mell Grance, 2011)Research in Motion has developed a system of mobile operating known as BlackBerry Operating System. Environment of Java development which includes IDE BlackBerry, Java Platform APIs, simulator of smart phones, and application of BlackBerry and vendors of third party like MobiHand are used for application developers. According to Almunawar 2015, modified kernel Linux is used to build an android operating system of Android. The maintenance and Android Development was developed by Android Inc. and was bought in 2005 by Google which is performed by Open Source Project of Android. The codes of the Android applications are mainly written in Java language by the use of Android SDK that includes a run time environment emulator for debugging and testing. The market of Google Android and different distribution channels like Handango and GetJar have an application that are distributed. The iOS of Apple comes from the Apple Mac OS X that is itself an operating system that is UNIX based and also the GUIs. The applications mainly in the Objective-c which uses iOS of Apple, Interface Builder and Xcode are built by the developers. The App Store of Apple has distributed applications which have almost 300,000 applications. The Windows mobile phone that uses Windows operating systems known as Windows Phone 7 is inherited from operating system of Windows Mobile. To make the user experience better, Microsoft designed Windows Phone 7 (Dinh et al., 2013). The codes are written through APIs by the developers such as API compass, Video API and sockets API (Presswire, 2012). The marketplace of Windows Phone distributes the Applications. There is also an operating system that has open source is known as Symbian. These operating systems are used for smart phones of Nokia. A Java application of ME with services layer are used in the service layer of operating systems. The developers of applications write all the codes in Java language, Perl, c++ or SDK that are customized for the developer of IDE who uses the applications. (Calheiros et al., 2011)The above mentioned mobile technologies have approached the technology of cloud in a broader way. The iCloud service of the Apple or androids helps the user to store data that includes pictures, audios, videos and also documentations. Apple has its different approach in developing cloud application of its own so that it can support the backup and storage of its own devices instead of going with the industry flow. The Apple operating system provides a reliable and secure synchronization feature with the cloud. Government perception The mindset of the government is not that easy to change. The government has built many infrastructures over the decades which do not easily communicate with each other. The perception of the government is changing day by day. They are using the concept of cloud to build scalable, secure and safe cloud solutions so that the efficiency of the government is increased (Dinh et al., 2013). The perception of government has now changed because they are able to deploy solutions that on the demand and also receives access to all the infrastructures without buying tools that are expensive. For ensuring cloud services in government, the agencies of government are looking for vendors who provide cloud services and also employ professionals who help them to move to cloud very efficiently and quickly. By existing infrastructures that are with bridges of networking, an efficient and controlled cloud can take place.(Sreenivas, Manjunath, Abate, Weseni, 2016) (Today, 2012)Mentioned the Current working areas of central government are bill payment system and filing income tax returns. They have been developing a framework for these services. Advantages of this framework are interoperability across several service providers and government departments (Sreenivas et al., 2016). Soon, we can expect services like disaster alerts in mobile phones as the m-governance is constantly developing. Possible m-Government Application Areas are: Notifications for payment of taxes, traffic condition information, notifications for civic authorities, disaster/crisis alerts, bill payment, support for education and government healthcare campaigns. Benefits of M-Governance for both citizens and public servants are: 1)The civil servant must carry data in either head or portable files when they are in the field. However, the emergence of m-governance helped them a lot to make better decisions and actions with the digitized government, 2)one of the major benefits is that the citizen can access the services and information at any place at any time (Today, 2012). In another way, it is beneficial for government also that they can ensure very critical information such as terror alerts are reaching the masses quickly and directly, 3)m-governance improves public interaction. since it provides a channel for interactions among policymakers, service consumers, service deliverers, civil society representatives, 4)m-governance lowers the effort and time needed in communication thereby motivating more and more communication, 5)m-government will boost the public servants productivity by allowing them to enter data and information at real time. Thus, it reduces the time needed them to spend on data related activities. In fact, they can use this time for other productive activities and 6) Availability of information at any time anywhere breaks the boundary and create a truly integrated digital nervous system for government. In a way to broadening the m-government concept, they are encouraging the citizen to use the full potential of their services. Citizens perception Almunawar MN (2015) narrated in his article about an issue related to client side. That is since the client (mobile users) is geographically dispersed, means long distance away from the cloud. As a result, it could affect the internet speed that in turn affects the performance, especially in data-intensive computation. The citizen thinks that the cloud has helped them to connect to their friends over social media (Computer, 2010). Connecting with all the old buddies has never been such an easy way that is now today. The citizen thinks that they are able to educate themselves through the medium of cloud computing. The whole world is connected together by the help of cloud computing which helps the citizens to save, upload or share files in the Internet. Security (Zhang, 2012) explained about the Challenges that are faced in the governance system come from three aspects of cloud computing: 1.the resources located on the data centre of service providers, 2. the client those interact with the resources, 3.the communication channel that connects client and resources. We will go through each aspect to study the most significant security challenge there, and come upwith appropriate solutions. As the results, our work will be including following three sections: secure computation with resources in a remote site, prevent information leak through the communication network and protect sensitive information on the client devices. Secure computation with resources in the remote location. Dividing task and keeping sensitive data on private cloud and rest can be maintained on the public is the solution. That is hybrid cloud computing. However, its cons are that it does not support data-intensive computing frameworks. Here they are suggesting MapReduce programming model as the example, and try to leverage the unique features which automatically partitions the job that is computing on all the data it works upon. Almunawar MN (2015) also cited in article regarding privacy issues and suggested a solution for this. Obviously, about the sensitive information of government agencies. Since the data is located remotely somewhere else, there arise one question like can the cloud providers offer the same protection as if it is stored locally? The third party cannot be trusted completely, since they do not provide any security and privacy to the data stored in the cloud. In this article, they are suggesting one solution to this issue as security-related activities can be assured to a third party such as ISO 27001 or SAS 70. Another one that is highly related to one as mentioned earlier is that since the data on the cloud is accessing through the open network like the internet, there affects the confidentiality of data. The major ones that arise as a topic of discussion among the researchers were security and privacy issues. Some of the proposals regarding security and privacy issues are appended. Protection is given to the identity of a mobile user from hackers. Xiao and Gong ha suggested a process which involves environment of mobile computing to create dynamic credential for all users of mobile. Next is all about malicious content in mobile devices. A platform is called cloud antivirus platform in which a separate network service or cloud have given the detection capabilities. However, R.Chow et al. suggested an inbuilt authentication platform to tackle the privacy issues. In fact, Jia et .al suggested two schemes called PRE (proxy re-encryption)and IDE (identity-based encryption) to solve security issues related to data. The factors that thrive mobiledevice to use cloud computing are less energy, less security, low storage, limited processing power, and battery. (Zhang, 2012)Prevent information leak through the communication network. Users are communicating with the client using client software. So there can be a possibility of side channel attacks. Web application components are used in both browser and web server. Therefore communication is essential, and this can lead to side-channel attacks. The automatic quantification and detection of solution is possible on side leaks of side channel in the web applications. Impact of cloud on M-Governance Research and Markets, 2012 explained about the impact of cloud on m-governance. For the public citizens, telecommunication corporations and government agencies, the cloud-enabled mobile governance offer boundless opportunities.The result of a survey in December 2010 by1105 government information group is that the apex three reasons which thrived the public bodies to include cloud to governance are quick access to data and information, simplifying IT framework and management and reduction in cost. The development in technology enhances the performance and adoption of cloud (Ferrer-Garcia, Gutirrez-Maldonado Riva, 2013).Cloud application is possible in many fields. One of the interesting areas is mobile technology. In this article one of the major areas of discussion is how the cloud computing environment can enhance the overall functions of all the device of mobile. According to Dihal et.al,2013 there so many factors that affect the mobile devices capability and availability.(Kumar and Lu,2010) explained these factors as memory storage, input methods, battery lifetime, processor capability. The issues of mobile devices can be mitigated by cloud computing (Chun and Maniatis, 2009). Aforementioned is beneficial to both consumers and service developers. As far as consumers concerned, they can access services like music, movies, and services despite their devices capabilities. In the case of developers since they had to manage only one version of their services in the cloud. Key findings/future references New intelligent services of mobile are enabled by cloud computing (Mohamad, Building Ismail, 2010). Cloud computing also collects the data from sensors of devices that provide the services that are customized (Wang and Deters, 2009). Research and Markets, 2012 cited in his article as mobile cloud computing is a still-evolving concept with various challenges includes reliability, delay in handover, data integrity, bandwidth limitation, task division for offloading, security of data and information in the device as well as in communication channel (Computer, 2010). According to the article written by Chen et al. 2011, the cloud computing recently has introduced a technology that allows the users so that the users get access to all the storage, development environment, infrastructure and software that is based on the model that is based on pay what the users use. The dynamic nature of cloud environment cannot be handled by the forensics of digital that are traditional. So an approach that is efficient to forensic investigation is proposed by the use of snapshots of Virtual machine. The future work on cloud computing is the architecture will the pattern of server less architecture. The server less pattern of architecture will determines the infrastructure that is needed dynamically. Conclusion Cloud computing has a very significant influence on mobile technology as it makes these devices more powerful and cheaper. With cloud computing, the users can access the applications and services located remotely. Recent market trend unveils that apple iPhone, Google android phones are showing trajectory upward. Effective Governance increases its competiveness. In this report, the details of mobile cloud computing is given which defines the m-governance and the e-governance. This report gives a detailed structure on what the government and the citizens think about mobile cloud computing and also illustrates the security that is provided by mobile cloud computing. There is also a detailed structure about the impact of m-governance in present world and some future works is detailed which helps to improve the mobile cloud computing. References Almunawar MN (2015) Benefits and Issues of Cloud Computing for E-Government. Review Pub Administration Manag3:e105. doi:10.4172/2315-7844.1000e105. Calheiros, R.N., Ranjan, R., Beloglazov, A., De Rose, C.A. and Buyya, R., 2011. CloudSim: a toolkit for modeling and simulation of cloud computing environments and evaluation of resource provisioning algorithms.Software: Practice and experience,41(1), pp.23-50. Chen, K., Hu, C., Zhang, X., Zheng, K., Chen, Y. (2011). Cloud Computing.IEEE Network, 4. Computer, E. (2010). Mobile Devices May Pose the Greatest Threat to Confidential Information , ISACA, 12. Dihal, S., Bouwman, H., de Reuver, M., Warnier, M., Carlsson, C. (2013). Mobile cloud computing: state of the art and outlook. Info, 15(1), 416.are https://doi.org/10.1108/14636691311296174. Dinh, H. T., Lee, C., Niyato, D., Wang, P. (2013). A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), 1587-1611. Dinh, H. T., Lee, C., Niyato, D., Wang, P. (2013). A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), 1587-1611. Fernando, N., Loke, S. W., Rahayu, W. (2013). Mobile cloud computing: A survey.Future generation computer systems,29(1), 84-106. Ferrer-Garcia, M., Gutirrez-Maldonado, J., Riva, G. (2013). Virtual reality based treatments in eating disorders and obesity: a review.Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy,43(4), 207-221. Jo, M., Maksymyuk, T., Strykhalyuk, B., Cho, C. H. (2015). Device-to-device-based heterogeneous radio access network architecture for mobile cloud computing.IEEE Wireless Communications,22(3), 50-58. Mell, P., Grance, T. (2011). The NIST definition of cloud computing. Mohamad, R., Building, A., Ismail, N. A. (2010). Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 15(1), 111. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92534-9_12 Presswire, M. (2012).Research and Markets: 4G Cloud Services for Mobile Governance. Sreenivas, N., Manjunath, G., Abate, Y., Weseni, T. A. (2016). Analyze on m-Governance for Better G2C Service in Ethiopia. International Journal of Trend in Research and Development, 3(1), 123126. Sundar, D. K., Garg, S. (2005). A Framework for Indian Urban Local Bodies. The Proceedings of Euro mGov, 395402. Today, C. (2012). MVAS Empowering the Nation, (Jan), 15. Zhang, Y., Juels, A., Reiter, M. K., Ristenpart, T. (2012, October). Cross-VM side channels and their use to extract private keys. InProceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security(pp. 305-316). ACM.

Leadership Effects on Innovation Propensity

Question: Discuss about the Leadership Effects on Innovation Propensity. Answer: Introduction: The beginning of the 19th century saw a rise in the innovation sector as is evidenced by the immense industrial revolution. It gave a rise in the use of technology and thus it witnessed a subsequent increase in the standard of living of the common people. This essay critically discusses the theories of innovation, change and leadership of innovation and change. It then moves on to discussing two of the instances of innovation and change of the present day. Finally, the write up projects a self-assessment of leadership skills of the writer, focusing on the strengths and weaknesses. In the initial phase of the 20th century, Everett M. Rogers, the leading theorist propounded the Diffusion of Innovation. He defined the term as the process by which an innovation is communicated through certain channels over time among the members of a social system. The diffusion of innovation is divided into five distinct stages. They are awareness, evaluation, trial, interest and adoption. Awareness is the stage in which the people become aware of an innovation. It then moves on to the stage of interest, in which an individual gets interested in the new idea and therefore tries to seek additional information about it. In the evaluation stage, an individual mentally prepares to adopt the innovation and applies it mentally to the present and anticipated future. Rogers evaluates whether or not to try the innovation. In the trial stage, the individual makes a full use of the innovation and tries it personally. Adoption stage calls for the adoption and use of the innovation by the ind ividual (Sznajd 2013). According to Nan, Zmud and Yetgin (2014), the five stages of the theory was later amended to the following: persuasion, implementation, decision, knowledge, and confirmation. Knowledge is the new idea, and the individuals of the society having an understanding about the idea. During this stage, the innovation is not yet found out by the individuals. Persuasion is the stage where individuals try to find out about the new innovation. An individual actively tries to find out more about the innovation. In the decision stage, the individuals of a society decide whether or not the innovation has to be bought or adopted (Nan, Zmud and Yetgin 2014). In this stage, the individuals weigh in the pros and cons of adopting the innovation. In the implementation stage, the consumer of a product decides to give a trial to the product that he wants to purchase. He or she decides on the usefulness of the innovation and then takes a decision as to whether to purchase the product or not. According to Bu kin (2015), the confirmation stage is the stage where an individual accepts or rejects the innovation depending upon the potential of the innovation (Bukin 2015). In the year 1962, Rogers came out with the theory of diffusion of innovation to properly understand the process by which an innovation is perceived and adopted by the society. Innovation is the basic backbone of a nation. It forms the basic framework on which a country operates and develops. It helps the country to move ahead and reach the desired level of prosperity. The process of the diffusion of innovation theory has five distinct stages based on the adoption rate of an innovation. They are early adopters, innovators, late majority, early majority and laggards. The diffusion of innovation theory in the present day and age has a lot of takers. The theory of diffusion of innovation has a lot of strengths and weaknesses. According to OMahoney (2016), the strength of this theory lies in its applicability in the world of today. The theory offers a significant advancement over the previous theories (OMahoney 2016). The theory is very practical and is consistent with all the findings from all the surveys and experiments. It was the foundation for numerous promotional communication and marketing theories (Hayes 2014). Despite all these strengths of this theory, there are many weaknesses of this theory also. On the contrary, Di Benedetto (2015) said that one of the main weaknesses of the theory is that it is of a linear structure and is source-dominated. It is so because it presents the view from the perspective of the elite class. Another weakness of this theory is that it undermines the power of media. It gives importance to different types of peo ple who are important to the process of diffusion. Rogers failed to take into account the fact that media can also be used to provide a basis for group discussion. Another main weakness of the theory is that it inspires acceptance by groups who is not positive about the innovation (Di Benedetto 2015). This theory explores the stages through which an innovation passes down from the stage of manufacturing to the stage of availability to the consumers. The outcome of the theory is that it gives the idea of the stages that goes in the process of the distribution of an innovation in the market. The theory helps in the understanding of the stages through which a product passes in the market. The outcome can help us to understand the process of diffusion of an innovation. The theory can help us to understand the stages and thus analyze the process that goes on in the distribution of any new idea or innovation in the market. The outcome can help us to understand the process in which a product or an innovation, which might be an idea also, gets distributed in the world market. The understanding of the outcome can help us in getting a better perception of the stages of diffusion of an innovation, which can help to create successful planning of product launch in the future. The change management theory incorporates five building blocks of successful change. They are awareness, desire, knowledge, ability and reinforcement (ADKAR). The theory talks about the ability to implement new skills and the ability to implement the change and understands the barrier that may hinder in implementing the change. It talks about the reinforcement to sustain the change and the mechanisms that are needed to keep the change in place. It also takes into account the recognition, rewards, incentives and successes. The ADKAR describes the key building blocks for a successful change (Day and Shannon 2015). According to Cameron and Green (2015), the theory essentially outlines knowledge, tools, resources, and the systematic approach to deal with change (Cameron and Green 2015). However, from Rock (2014), it can be also known that the theory shows how teams and people are influenced by a change in an organization. It deals with various disciplines that range from information tech nology to social, behavioral sciences, and business solution (Rock 2014). According to Hughes et al. (2016), change is pivotal and necessary in all organizations. It is an invariable process. However, the way the change is initiated, can vary from organization to organization. It can come as an external force or sometimes from the realization that some kind of change is necessary. The change in an organization allows companies to compete in a better way. It is required so that the company is better equipped to compete with its rivals (Hughes et al. 2016). According to Pugh (2016), it helps an organization to better understand the current trends and thus change keeping in mind the current trends of a market. It helps the individuals or the employees to better understand the need for change in an organization. It helps to understand the reason why the change was necessary. With the change, individuals will have a stake that is greater in the outcome since they help to implement the plan (Pugh 2016). However, according to Kazmi and Naarananoja (2014), there are certain weaknesses or disadvantages that this theory brings. In an organization if change is not implemented properly or clearly, then it can cause the failure of any project. If there is a lack of a thorough understanding of the culture of the organization amongst the employees, then it may lead to incorrect or corrupt information about the change. A bad change management plan can ruin the future of the company. Any kind of change brings with it a certain amount of negatives. Employees of an organization need to understand the after-effect and the repercussion of absorbing a change in an organization (Kazmi and Naarananoja 2014). This theory is essentially used to gauge the steps through which a product is adapted by the consumers. It depicts the five distinct stages through which a change is implemented. It discusses the force that brings along the change and the things that are required to keep the change in place. The outcome of the theory is that it provides a better understanding of the procedure of change in an organization. It helps to get a keen understanding of the stages of change. The outcome of the theory can help us in understanding the procedure of implementation of change in a company. In the future, it can help in implementing the plan for a change in a company. To bring about a change in a professional institution, the management must have a clear understanding of the outcome of the theory. Innovations and changes can be implemented in an organization only with the help of a capable and strong leader. Innovation leadership is a technique and philosophy that combines different kind of leadership styles to influence the workers to embrace new technologies and produce creative products, ideas and services. Encouraging creativity, supervisory encouragement, work group encouragement and organizational encouragement, all play a crucial role in deciding the adoption of change or innovation in an organization that can come in only with the help of a strong leader. A successful leader always finds out ways to make the innovation appealing to the employees of an organization to bring about a change in the organization. The theory is used to find out different kinds of leadership styles that is necessary in an organization. The outcome of the theory is to find out the way that a leader in an organization must function in order to bring about a change. The outcome can help us in understanding the new technicalities of the change that might affect the organization. The outcome can help the future managers to understand the need for a change in a company and help the employees to be motivated and open to bringing in the change. To illustrate these theories two instances of innovation can be taken into consideration: one successful and another one a lesser successful. 2007 witnessed Indias largest company in commercial and automobile sector, Tata Motors launching a four-seater car for a price of just 1450 Euro. This innovation from the house of Tata Motors became the worlds cheapest car where the company deliberately lessened the cost of production reducing the performance of the car and directing its focus towards low-cost design. Tata Nano is a product that has been poised out of eminent technological solutions like procedure of plastic in place of metal, indistinguishable and modular components. Tata Nano became a product drilled out of the companys successful innovation strategy, which is worth to be emulated by its rival in future years. People loved what they saw and Tata Nanos sale got bigger and better. The car did put India on the global map and Tata Nano was deemed a path breaker. Having a big brand name does not always guarantees success, Pfizer found that out when they made a fatal mistake of associating an identifiable brand name to something that was essentially out of nature. Ben-Gay aspirin was not the product people liked swallowing to ease off the pain, that taste of aspirin was more like the pain-relieving balm from the same brand that people demanded to let go their pain. The burning sensation that people talked about negated the companys idea of an aspirin product as a substitute of the balm. As is exemplified from the instance above, the transformational leadership skills is something that I would personally prefer. The transformational leadership entails the incorporation of change in a particular organization to bring about an overall alteration of the existing workings of a company. By adopting this type of leadership, I would be clear as to what kind of change is required to make my company succeed and develop in this fast and competitive world. I would prefer to challenge the status quo of the organization by introducing a new and innovative method of doing something. I would like to introduce new and creative innovations into the organization in order to make the company more successful. As this type of leadership indicates, I would work with my juniors and subordinates to find out the change that is needed in the company (Avolio and Yammarino 2013). I would try to inspire and begin the procedure of implementing the change in the company. The strengths of adopting this approach of leadership are that it will help to find a better way of doing things in an organization, I will have an edge over identifying the areas of the company that are not working, I can cater to many niche markets and explore the possibility. The weakness of adopting this type of leadership is that many people can be wary of the amount of risk involved in this procedure and it can put off people who are resistant to any type of change. References: Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013. Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. xxvii-xxxiii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A., Hetland, J., Demerouti, E., Olsen, O.K. and Espevik, R., 2014. Daily transactional and transformational leadership and daily employee engagement.Journal of occupational and organizational psychology,87(1), pp.138-157. Bukin, K., 2015. Diffusion of innovation: a model of evolutionary processes.Economic Policy,6. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Day, G. and Shannon, E.A., 2015. Leading and managing change.Leading and Managing Health Services: An Australasian Perspective, pp.295-304. Di Benedetto, C.A., 2015. Diffusion of innovation.Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hughes, D.L., Dwivedi, Y.K., Simintiras, A.C. and Rana, N.P., 2016. Change Management. InSuccess and Failure of IS/IT Projects(pp. 57-65). Springer International Publishing. Kazmi, S.A.Z. and Naarananoja, M., 2014. Collection of Change Management Models-An opportunity to Make the Best Choice from the Various Organizational Transformational Techniques.GSTF Business Review (GBR),3(3), p.1. Nan, N., Zmud, R. and Yetgin, E., 2014. A complex adaptive systems perspective of innovation diffusion: an integrated theory and validated virtual laboratory.Computational and Mathematical Organization Theory,20(1), pp.52-88. O'Mahoney, J., 2016. Archetypes of Translation: Recommendations for Dialogue.International Journal of Management Reviews,18(3), pp.333-350. Pugh, L., 2016.Change management in information services. Routledge. Rock, D., 2014.Quiet leadership. HarperCollins e-books. Ryan, J.C. and Tipu, S.A., 2013. Leadership effects on innovation propensity: A two-factor full range leadership model.Journal of Business Research,66(10), pp.2116-2129. Sznajd-Weron, K., 2013. Diffusion of innovation.