Working with Mobile Devices in Governance-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write a report on Working with Mobile Devices in Governance. Answer: Introduction Nowadays each and everyone own at least one cell phone or can be more. In fact, most recent figure reveals that two-thirds of the population owns a mobile phone. It can be either feature phones (screen is limited to text and very low-end graphics) or smartphone (like small computers). However, the market trend is more towards the smartphone. In addition to that, the market for smartphones is dynamic compared with featured phones. For instance, half of the world's populations are the users of smartphones (Fernando, Loke Rahayu, 2013). Cloud computing has a very significant influence on mobile technology as it makes these devices more powerful and cheaper. With cloud computing, the users can access the applications and services located remotely. Recent market trend unveils that apple iPhone, Google android phones are showing trajectory upward. The countrys productivity can be improved by effective governance. Effective Governance also increases its competitiveness. In a country like India, service of good governance is quite a challenging task (Sundar Garg, 2005). The basic services that are provided by the government services via mobile phones help the government to deliver public services. The cell phones are coupled with innovative potential in applications of mobile that have reached to its height. These help the mobile governance as a cornerstone in different schemes of state government. Increasing the wireless penetration and services of better awareness helps in increasing the upgrade of mobile governance services in the future. The government focuses on the improvement of mobile governance (Jo et al., 2015). The services that the mobile government provides are providing information that are basic which includes alerts of natural disaster to polling via mobile phones. Key words:Mobile technology, cloud computing, mobile governance Literature Review E-governance and M-governance E-Governance: The application of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) is the E-Governance which includes delivering services of government, communication transactions, information exchange services that are held between G2C (Government to Customer) and G2B (Government to Business) and also different system of sand stone integration. There are four basic models that are available- government to employees, government to government, government to customers and government to business. M-Governance:(Mohamad, Building, Ismail, 2010)M-Governance is meant to provide access to those who are unable to access (means those prefer mobile phone or living in remote areas) the services offered by the government through the internet. By owning one cell phone and having access to one mobile network, then they can use the public services at anyplace at any time. M-governance is an innovative technology that brings government services to citizens by reducing the gap arising between them. Limitatins of M-Governance (Mohamad et al., 2010) explained about the limitations of m-governance. They are 1) Small sized phone: In rural areas, most of the people are relying on the small phone since they cannot afford the smartphone. 2) Government needs to take more care to ensure scalability and high availability of information. For this, the technology is to be more elaborated. 3) Some information is critical and needed to be safeguarded. Then will arise security and authentication problem. 4) Cost:To implement m-governance, a further channel is required in e-government. This channel will create additional costs. A substitute delivery channel can solve this to a certain extent.(Sreenivas, Manjunath, Abate, Weseni, 2016) 5) Some people use this technology for fun rather than productive activities. For example, hoax messaging. (Sreenivas et al., 2016) 6) Literacy problems: The reduced literacy rate creates some challenges in use of m-governance. (Sreenivas et al., 2016)M-Governance is an innovative technology. However, some part of the population is unable to access these technologies. For instance, poor people, illiterate peoples come under this category. Moreover, they are also denied from getting the benefits that offered by the government in other words m-digital divide. Today (2012) In this article also they agree that sometimes illiterate people face some sort of problems to access these services. This is because those people are unfamiliar with these devices and technology. The solution to this issue is that integrated speech assistance tools and by ensuring m-governance in regional languages. More and more people would use this service when proper awareness about services is given. Advancement in mobile technology will increase the usage among the masses. Tools The smart phone manufacturers group their devices to into different operating systems (Almunawar, 2015). The operating systems that are mostly used are RIM (Research in Motion), operating system with blackberry, windows operating system in mobile, symbian platform and all variation of UNIX that includes Android, Google and Apple iOS. (Mell Grance, 2011)Research in Motion has developed a system of mobile operating known as BlackBerry Operating System. Environment of Java development which includes IDE BlackBerry, Java Platform APIs, simulator of smart phones, and application of BlackBerry and vendors of third party like MobiHand are used for application developers. According to Almunawar 2015, modified kernel Linux is used to build an android operating system of Android. The maintenance and Android Development was developed by Android Inc. and was bought in 2005 by Google which is performed by Open Source Project of Android. The codes of the Android applications are mainly written in Java language by the use of Android SDK that includes a run time environment emulator for debugging and testing. The market of Google Android and different distribution channels like Handango and GetJar have an application that are distributed. The iOS of Apple comes from the Apple Mac OS X that is itself an operating system that is UNIX based and also the GUIs. The applications mainly in the Objective-c which uses iOS of Apple, Interface Builder and Xcode are built by the developers. The App Store of Apple has distributed applications which have almost 300,000 applications. The Windows mobile phone that uses Windows operating systems known as Windows Phone 7 is inherited from operating system of Windows Mobile. To make the user experience better, Microsoft designed Windows Phone 7 (Dinh et al., 2013). The codes are written through APIs by the developers such as API compass, Video API and sockets API (Presswire, 2012). The marketplace of Windows Phone distributes the Applications. There is also an operating system that has open source is known as Symbian. These operating systems are used for smart phones of Nokia. A Java application of ME with services layer are used in the service layer of operating systems. The developers of applications write all the codes in Java language, Perl, c++ or SDK that are customized for the developer of IDE who uses the applications. (Calheiros et al., 2011)The above mentioned mobile technologies have approached the technology of cloud in a broader way. The iCloud service of the Apple or androids helps the user to store data that includes pictures, audios, videos and also documentations. Apple has its different approach in developing cloud application of its own so that it can support the backup and storage of its own devices instead of going with the industry flow. The Apple operating system provides a reliable and secure synchronization feature with the cloud. Government perception The mindset of the government is not that easy to change. The government has built many infrastructures over the decades which do not easily communicate with each other. The perception of the government is changing day by day. They are using the concept of cloud to build scalable, secure and safe cloud solutions so that the efficiency of the government is increased (Dinh et al., 2013). The perception of government has now changed because they are able to deploy solutions that on the demand and also receives access to all the infrastructures without buying tools that are expensive. For ensuring cloud services in government, the agencies of government are looking for vendors who provide cloud services and also employ professionals who help them to move to cloud very efficiently and quickly. By existing infrastructures that are with bridges of networking, an efficient and controlled cloud can take place.(Sreenivas, Manjunath, Abate, Weseni, 2016) (Today, 2012)Mentioned the Current working areas of central government are bill payment system and filing income tax returns. They have been developing a framework for these services. Advantages of this framework are interoperability across several service providers and government departments (Sreenivas et al., 2016). Soon, we can expect services like disaster alerts in mobile phones as the m-governance is constantly developing. Possible m-Government Application Areas are: Notifications for payment of taxes, traffic condition information, notifications for civic authorities, disaster/crisis alerts, bill payment, support for education and government healthcare campaigns. Benefits of M-Governance for both citizens and public servants are: 1)The civil servant must carry data in either head or portable files when they are in the field. However, the emergence of m-governance helped them a lot to make better decisions and actions with the digitized government, 2)one of the major benefits is that the citizen can access the services and information at any place at any time (Today, 2012). In another way, it is beneficial for government also that they can ensure very critical information such as terror alerts are reaching the masses quickly and directly, 3)m-governance improves public interaction. since it provides a channel for interactions among policymakers, service consumers, service deliverers, civil society representatives, 4)m-governance lowers the effort and time needed in communication thereby motivating more and more communication, 5)m-government will boost the public servants productivity by allowing them to enter data and information at real time. Thus, it reduces the time needed them to spend on data related activities. In fact, they can use this time for other productive activities and 6) Availability of information at any time anywhere breaks the boundary and create a truly integrated digital nervous system for government. In a way to broadening the m-government concept, they are encouraging the citizen to use the full potential of their services. Citizens perception Almunawar MN (2015) narrated in his article about an issue related to client side. That is since the client (mobile users) is geographically dispersed, means long distance away from the cloud. As a result, it could affect the internet speed that in turn affects the performance, especially in data-intensive computation. The citizen thinks that the cloud has helped them to connect to their friends over social media (Computer, 2010). Connecting with all the old buddies has never been such an easy way that is now today. The citizen thinks that they are able to educate themselves through the medium of cloud computing. The whole world is connected together by the help of cloud computing which helps the citizens to save, upload or share files in the Internet. Security (Zhang, 2012) explained about the Challenges that are faced in the governance system come from three aspects of cloud computing: 1.the resources located on the data centre of service providers, 2. the client those interact with the resources, 3.the communication channel that connects client and resources. We will go through each aspect to study the most significant security challenge there, and come upwith appropriate solutions. As the results, our work will be including following three sections: secure computation with resources in a remote site, prevent information leak through the communication network and protect sensitive information on the client devices. Secure computation with resources in the remote location. Dividing task and keeping sensitive data on private cloud and rest can be maintained on the public is the solution. That is hybrid cloud computing. However, its cons are that it does not support data-intensive computing frameworks. Here they are suggesting MapReduce programming model as the example, and try to leverage the unique features which automatically partitions the job that is computing on all the data it works upon. Almunawar MN (2015) also cited in article regarding privacy issues and suggested a solution for this. Obviously, about the sensitive information of government agencies. Since the data is located remotely somewhere else, there arise one question like can the cloud providers offer the same protection as if it is stored locally? The third party cannot be trusted completely, since they do not provide any security and privacy to the data stored in the cloud. In this article, they are suggesting one solution to this issue as security-related activities can be assured to a third party such as ISO 27001 or SAS 70. Another one that is highly related to one as mentioned earlier is that since the data on the cloud is accessing through the open network like the internet, there affects the confidentiality of data. The major ones that arise as a topic of discussion among the researchers were security and privacy issues. Some of the proposals regarding security and privacy issues are appended. Protection is given to the identity of a mobile user from hackers. Xiao and Gong ha suggested a process which involves environment of mobile computing to create dynamic credential for all users of mobile. Next is all about malicious content in mobile devices. A platform is called cloud antivirus platform in which a separate network service or cloud have given the detection capabilities. However, R.Chow et al. suggested an inbuilt authentication platform to tackle the privacy issues. In fact, Jia et .al suggested two schemes called PRE (proxy re-encryption)and IDE (identity-based encryption) to solve security issues related to data. The factors that thrive mobiledevice to use cloud computing are less energy, less security, low storage, limited processing power, and battery. (Zhang, 2012)Prevent information leak through the communication network. Users are communicating with the client using client software. So there can be a possibility of side channel attacks. Web application components are used in both browser and web server. Therefore communication is essential, and this can lead to side-channel attacks. The automatic quantification and detection of solution is possible on side leaks of side channel in the web applications. Impact of cloud on M-Governance Research and Markets, 2012 explained about the impact of cloud on m-governance. For the public citizens, telecommunication corporations and government agencies, the cloud-enabled mobile governance offer boundless opportunities.The result of a survey in December 2010 by1105 government information group is that the apex three reasons which thrived the public bodies to include cloud to governance are quick access to data and information, simplifying IT framework and management and reduction in cost. The development in technology enhances the performance and adoption of cloud (Ferrer-Garcia, Gutirrez-Maldonado Riva, 2013).Cloud application is possible in many fields. One of the interesting areas is mobile technology. In this article one of the major areas of discussion is how the cloud computing environment can enhance the overall functions of all the device of mobile. According to Dihal et.al,2013 there so many factors that affect the mobile devices capability and availability.(Kumar and Lu,2010) explained these factors as memory storage, input methods, battery lifetime, processor capability. The issues of mobile devices can be mitigated by cloud computing (Chun and Maniatis, 2009). Aforementioned is beneficial to both consumers and service developers. As far as consumers concerned, they can access services like music, movies, and services despite their devices capabilities. In the case of developers since they had to manage only one version of their services in the cloud. Key findings/future references New intelligent services of mobile are enabled by cloud computing (Mohamad, Building Ismail, 2010). Cloud computing also collects the data from sensors of devices that provide the services that are customized (Wang and Deters, 2009). Research and Markets, 2012 cited in his article as mobile cloud computing is a still-evolving concept with various challenges includes reliability, delay in handover, data integrity, bandwidth limitation, task division for offloading, security of data and information in the device as well as in communication channel (Computer, 2010). According to the article written by Chen et al. 2011, the cloud computing recently has introduced a technology that allows the users so that the users get access to all the storage, development environment, infrastructure and software that is based on the model that is based on pay what the users use. The dynamic nature of cloud environment cannot be handled by the forensics of digital that are traditional. So an approach that is efficient to forensic investigation is proposed by the use of snapshots of Virtual machine. The future work on cloud computing is the architecture will the pattern of server less architecture. The server less pattern of architecture will determines the infrastructure that is needed dynamically. Conclusion Cloud computing has a very significant influence on mobile technology as it makes these devices more powerful and cheaper. With cloud computing, the users can access the applications and services located remotely. Recent market trend unveils that apple iPhone, Google android phones are showing trajectory upward. Effective Governance increases its competiveness. In this report, the details of mobile cloud computing is given which defines the m-governance and the e-governance. This report gives a detailed structure on what the government and the citizens think about mobile cloud computing and also illustrates the security that is provided by mobile cloud computing. There is also a detailed structure about the impact of m-governance in present world and some future works is detailed which helps to improve the mobile cloud computing. 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